Graham v. Connor The Case and Its Impact

Graham v. Connor ruled on how police officers should approach investigatory stops and the use of force during an arrest. In the 1989 case, the Supreme Court ruled that excessive use of force claims must be evaluated under the objectively reasonable standard of the Fourth Amendment. This standard requires courts to consider the facts and circumstances surrounding an officers use of force rather than the intent or motivation of an officer during that use of force. Fast Facts: Graham v. Connor Case Argued: Feb. 21, 1989Decision Issued: May 15, 1989Petitioner: Dethorne Graham, a diabetic who had an insulin reaction while doing auto work at his homeRespondent: M.S. Connor, a Charlotte police officerKey Questions: Did Graham have to show that the police acted â€Å"maliciously and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm† to establish his claim that Charlotte police used excessive force? Should the claim of excessive force be analyzed under the Fourth, Eighth, or 14th Amendment?Majority Decision: Justices Rehnquist, White, Stevens, OConnor, Scalia, Kennedy, Blackmun, Brennan, MarshallDissenting: NoneRuling: The Supreme Court ruled that excessive use of force claims must be evaluated under the objectively reasonable standard of the Fourth Amendment, which requires courts to consider the facts and circumstances surrounding an officers use of force rather than the intent or motivation of an officer during that use of force. Facts of the Case Graham, a diabetic man, rushed into a convenience store to buy orange juice to help counteract an insulin reaction. It only took him a few seconds to realize that the line was too long for him to wait. He abruptly left the store without purchasing anything and returned to his friend’s car. A local police officer, Connor,  Ã‚  witnessed Graham entering and exiting the convenience store quickly and found the behavior odd. Connor made an investigative stop, asking Graham and his friend to remain in the car until he could confirm their version of events. Other officers arrived on the scene as  backup  and handcuffed Graham. He was released after the officer confirmed that nothing had occurred within the convenience store, but significant time had passed and the backup officers had refused him treatment for his diabetic condition. Graham also sustained multiple injuries while handcuffed. Graham filed a suit in a district court alleging that Connor had â€Å"used excessive force in making the investigatory stop, in violation of ‘rights secured to him under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.† Under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, a jury found that the officers had not used excessive force. On appeal, judges could not decide whether a case of excessive use of force should be ruled based on the Fourth or Fourteenth Amendments. The majority ruled based on the Fourteenth Amendment. The case was ultimately taken to the Supreme Court. Constitutional Issues How should claims of excessive use of force be handled in court? Should they be analyzed under the Fourth, Eighth, or Fourteenth Amendment? The Arguments Grahams counsel argued that the officer’s actions violated both the Fourth Amendment and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The stop and search itself was unreasonable, they argued, because the officer did not have sufficient probable cause to stop Graham under the Fourth Amendment. In addition, counsel contended that the excessive use of force violated the due process clause, because an agent of the government had deprived Graham of liberty without just cause. The attorneys representing Connor  argued that there was no use of excessive force. They contended that, under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, excessive use of force should be judged by a four-prong test found in the case Johnston v. Glick. The four prongs are: The need for the application of force;  The relationship between that need and the amount of force that was used;The extent of the injury inflicted; andWhether the force was applied in a good faith effort to maintain and restore discipline or maliciously and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm Connors attorneys stated that he had only applied force in good faith, and that he had no malicious intent when detaining Graham. Majority Opinion In a unanimous decision delivered by Justice Rehnquist, the court found that excessive use of force claims against police officers should be analyzed under the Fourth Amendment. They wrote that the  analysis  should take into account the â€Å"reasonableness† of the search and seizure. To determine if an officer used excessive force, the court must decide how an objectively reasonable another police officer in the same situation would have acted. The officer’s intent or motivation should be irrelevant in this analysis. In the majority opinion, Justice Rehnquist wrote: â€Å"An officers evil intentions will not make a Fourth Amendment violation out of an objectively reasonable use of force; nor will an officers good intentions make an objectively unreasonable use of force constitutional.† The court struck down previous lower court rulings, which used the Johnston v. Glick test under the Fourteenth Amendment. That test required the court to consider motives, including whether the force was applied in â€Å"good faith† or with â€Å"malicious or sadistic† intent. Eighth Amendment analysis also called for subjective consideration because of the phrase â€Å"cruel and unusual† found in its text. The Court found that objective factors are the only relevant factors when evaluating claims of excessive use of force, making the Fourth Amendment the best means of analysis. The court reiterated previous findings in Tennessee v. Garner to highlight jurisprudence on the matter. In Tennessee v. Garner, the Supreme Court had similarly  applied the Fourth Amendment to determine whether the police should have used deadly force against a fleeing suspect if that suspect appeared unarmed. In that case as well as in Graham v. Connor, the court decided that they must consider the following factors to determine whether the force used was excessive: The severity of the crime at issue;  Whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others; and  Whether [the suspect] is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.   The Impact The Graham v. Connor case created a set of rules that officers abide by when making investigatory stops and using force against a suspect. Under Graham v. Connor, an officer must be able to articulate the facts and circumstances that led up to a use of force. The finding invalidated previously held notions that an officer’s emotions, motivations, or intent should affect a search and seizure. Police officers must be able to point to objectively reasonable facts that justify their actions, rather than relying on hunches or good faith. Key Takeaways In Graham v. Connor, the Supreme Court determined that the Fourth Amendment is the only amendment that matters when deciding whether a police officer used excessive force.In other words, when evaluating whether an officer used excessive force, the Court must take into account the facts and circumstance of the action, rather than the officers subjective perceptions.The ruling also rendered the Fourteenth and Eight Amendments irrelevant when analyzing an officers actions, because they rely on subjective factors. Sources Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989).

The Chimney Sweeper A Little Black Thing Among The Snow

During the 18 and 19th century there was new movement among many poets, litrerics and composters. This new movement was named Romanticism (or romantic) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement. Literature began to move in channels that were not entirely new but were in strong contrast to the standard literary practice of the eighteenth century. Poets became particular famous for their poems which would often criticize the society of the times, and often give a voice to the marginalised and oppressed. As well as this Poets would also made arresting comparisons to children in there poems, they believed children where exceptional due to the poets beliefs that they were innocent and uncorrupted, but also had an affinity with nature. A poet which did so was William Blake, whose poem ‘The chimney sweeper: A little black thing among the snow’ I will be comparing and contrasting to ‘The chimneys sweepers complaint’ by Mary Alock in how the pr esentation of childhood innocence is presented in both poems. There are many comparisons to make about these two poems. Firstly they are both written in the romantic era, late 18th century and early 19th century. However the most potent aspect which draws these two poems to similarity would be the context of the poems. The context of the poem comments on injustice in society, the use of children as cheap labour. During the 18th and 19th century many young children where often forced into hard labour which would sometimesShow MoreRelatedIndustrialized Society in Romantic Poetry: William Blakes The Chimney Sweeper1253 Words   |  6 Pagesthe newly industrialized society and tried to emphasize the world in the eyes of the common people especially children. The chimney sweeper is the name of the two poems by William Blake. He created these poems to highlight the problems of the children in industrialized Britain, and to underline British government’s duties (Erdman 228). Everybody knew that the business chimney sweeping was a dirty one and lots of children had died because of the intoxication and unhealthy working conditions. BlakeRead More In William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, many872 Words   |  4 PagesInnocence and Songs of Experience, many of the poems correlate in numerous aspects. For example, The Chimney Sweeper is a key poem in both collections that portrays the soul of a child The Chimney Sweeper in Innocence vs. The Chimney Sweeper in Experience In William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, many of the poems correlate in numerous aspects. For example, The Chimney Sweeper is a key poem in both collections that portrays the soul of a child with both a naà ¯ve and experiencedRead MoreThe Depth of Social Criticism in the Little Black Boyand Chimney Sweeper by William Blake1006 Words   |  4 PagesBoth poems â€Å"The Little Black Boy† and â€Å"Chimney Sweeper† by William Blake expose the depth of social criticism under different circumstances. The poem â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† has a much stronger reflection on the responsibility of religion and society to take blame for their actions in perpetuating the cycle of slavery. The children being sold into the inhuman conditions of chimney sweeping can’t get out of the dangerous line of work without assistance from adults who instead aid their suffering toRead MoreThe Contrary States of the Humn Soul852 Words   |  3 PagesBlake wrote most of his poems in pairs in his Songs of Innocence and Experience. For example The Chimney Sweeper of the Songs of Innocence is paired with The Chimney Sweeper of the Songs of Experience. The Chimney Sw eeper from the Songs of Innocence is narrated by a child, which fits perfectly in the Songs of Innocence because children are perceived as innocent and inexperienced. The Chimney Sweeper in the Songs of Experience is narrated by an adult who sees corruption in children. By Blake pairingRead More William Blakes Chimney Sweeper Essay1976 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Blakes Chimney Sweeper In this essay I am going to explore Blakes Chimney Sweeper poems from the Songs of Innocence and the Songs of Experience. During this essay I will cover Blakes life and times and the way chimney sweepers get treated around that time and what Blake attempts to do about it. Blake was born on November 28 in the year 1757. His parents where strict but understanding. Blakes parents realized early in his life that Blake was gifted. HeRead MoreEssay on Innocence Stolen in William Blake’s The Chimney Sweeper843 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout world history their have been and are many occurrences of society corruption and oppression of masses, such as the forcing of small children to sweep chimneys. Thus, William Blake’s Purpose in writing the two â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† poems was to express his outrage at society for having oppressed and stolen the innocence of powerless children in forcing them to sweep. Both poems are similar in that he uses the actions and view point of the child speaker to express his rage against societyRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between The Chimney Sweeper And The Chimney Sweeper877 Words   |  4 PagesBoth â€Å"The Chimney Sweepers† poems were written during the industrial revolution. During the industrial revolution families were living in poverty, and times were challenging. Often times for families to survive they would sell their children to master sweeps, or master sweeps would welcome orphans and homeless children into the industry of menial labour. They used children between the ages of five to ten depending on their size. Parents would often sell their children younger, because their smallRead MoreComparing The Poem The Chimney Sweeper 1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe two poems that I chose to compare are â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† poem from both Songs of Innocence and the Songs of Experience. When my mother died I was very young, And my father sold me while yet my tongue Could scarcely cry weep! weep! weep! weep! So your chimneys I sweep in soot I sleep. There s little Tom Dacre, who cried when his head That curled like a lamb s back, was shaved, so I said, Hush, Tom! never mind it, for when your head s bare, You know that the soot cannot spoilRead MoreWilliam Blake s The Chimney1713 Words   |  7 PagesRevolution in the eighteenth century, child labor became a common practice throughout Britain. The children were oppressed and had a diminutive existence and were forced to work long hours in the factories, mills, coal mines and chimneys, in dangerous and inhumane conditions. The chimneys were often only seven inches wide and only a child was small enough to fit inside and brush clean it. Master sweeps would buy young children usually six to ten years old from their poverty stricken parents or take in youngRead More William Blakes The Chimney-Sweeper, Holy Thursday (Innocence) and London1520 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Blakes The Chimney-Sweeper, Holy Thursday (Innocence) and London I am going to compare and contrast three of William Blake poems, where he shows his feelings about the way people treat children: The Chimney-Sweeper, Holy Thursday (Innocence) and London. The Chimney-Sweeper is about a child who sweeps chimneys. William Blake sets this poem in the winter. The children worked in the cold. Blake says, â€Å"A little black thing among the snow,† â€Å"The little black thing,† Is the child who

Essay on Dignity of the African People in Chinua Achebes...

Dignity of the African People Conveyed in Things Fall Apartnbsp; nbsp; In Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart, it is shown that the African people had their own complex culture before the Europeans decided to pacify them. The idea that the dignity of these people has been greatly compromised is acknowledged in the essay The Role of the Writer, which is explanatory of Achebes novels. A writer trying to capture the truth of a situation that his readers may know little or nothing about needs a sense of history in order to appropriately address the topic. It is not enough to beat another writer to the issue. Writers should make the attempt to express a deeper understanding. Without proper mental investment in a written work, the†¦show more content†¦In his mind, his religion is completely true, and the beliefs of the Africans are asinine and savage. The Commissioner considers any real contact with the natives undignified. He cannot respect his subject, which is in this case the Ibo, because he has elevated himself in his mind as more intelligent and c ultured. He does not have respect for them because he does not believe that it is worth his while to learn their philosophies. Once an author gains such a feeling of superiority over his subject, his writings cannot be objective. He must view himself equal in importance to the topic of analysis in order to explore in depth the human condition and make his own writings consequential. nbsp; Another vice that causes writings to be lacking in effect is insincerity on the part of the writer. When a writer performs for money or ego, the motivation does not help regain the loss of [the] dignity and self-respect that the African people suffered. Writers motivated by money tend to reflect the views of their parishioners. In this case the writers concerns are on his pay, not on the social impact of the topic. If the writer is writing for fame, he will be writing in a pedantic manner, keeping in mind only his success, rather that the depth of the piece. Such writers do not put their thoughts into human terms so that damage done to the AfricanShow MoreRelatedAfrican Literature : Is It Truly Authentic?1214 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican Literature: Is it Truly Authentic? Now lets just say an Anthropologist went on to study an African cultural group in Nigeria. Now let s consider that Anthropologist went on to live exactly like that African group, and the Anthropologist decided to report his findings as if an individual from that cultural group was writing about the experience. Now think about the controversy that will be caused, and the debate regarding if this is truly African experience. Ever since the mid 1700’s toRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1324 Words   |  6 Pages Chinua Achebe chose to write his novels in English to reveal a deep response of his people to colonisation and to make that response understood to people all over the world. Things Fall Apart was written in English to teach people worldwide of the struggles he faced and the people of Nigeria faced growing up. Many authors and critics have written about Achebe’s ‘Things fall apart’ adding their valued opinion on what he was trying to say and his decision to write in English. In the followingRead MoreEssay on Images of Africa in Heart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart2228 Words   |  9 PagesImages of Africa in Heart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Conrads novel Heart of Darkness portrays an image of Africa that is dark and inhuman.   Not only does he describe the actual, physical continent of Africa as so hopeless and so dark, so impenetrable to human thought, so pitiless to human weakness (Conrad 94), as though the continent could neither breed nor support any true human life, but he also manages to depict Africans as though they are not worthy of the respectRead More Essay Contrasting Images in Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness2233 Words   |  9 PagesContrasting Images in Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Conrad’s novel Heart of Darkness portrays an image of Africa that is dark and inhuman.   Not only does he describe the actual, physical continent of Africa as â€Å"so hopeless and so dark, so impenetrable to human thought, so pitiless to human weakness† (Conrad 94), as though the continent could neither breed nor support any true human life, but he also manages to depict Africans as though they are not worthy of the respectRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7

Leadership for Australian Qantas Airlines- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theLeadership for Australian Qantas Airlines Limited. Answer: Introduction Alan Joyce is an Irish-born executive. The soft- spoken and small in stature Australian Qantas Airlines Limited Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and managing director was born on 30th June 1966 as Alan Joseph Joyce. Joyce grew up in Tallaght on the outskirts of Dublin with his siblings. Given his humble background, Joyce focused on education and went to Dublin Institute of Technology where he obtained his Bachelors degree in Applied Science (Physics and Mathematics) and later attended Trinity College Dublin for his Masters of Science Degree (Qantas, 2017). Joyce started his career in Aer Lingus as a research analyst and later was hired by the non-operational Ansett Australia before joining Qantas group in 2000: Jetstar as the founding CEO in 2013. In addition to being a member of the Qantas Airways Limited, he was a board member of Jester Airways a subsidiary of Qantas until 2008 when he was appointed as the carriers CEO. Also, Joyce is a member of the Royal Aeronautical Society and the International Air Transport Associations board of governors (Financial Times, 2015). During his time as Qantas CEO and managing director, the airline has continued to lead in the Australian Market and forging of stronger airline partnership and the entry of the airline into Asian market. In 2015, Alan Joyce was named as the Airline CEO of the year by the Centre for Aviation (CAPA, 2015). Having worked in the as CEO initially for Jetstar and Qantas Airlines, Joyce has a wealth of skill on how to manage people in the airlines. Different leaders have adopted different leadership approaches to steer their organization. According to Allan Joyce having been chief executive for a start-up and an incumbent company Joyce exercised classical leadership qualities i.e. accountability, decisiveness, communication, and teamwork to achieve success in the organization. Joyce has always adopted the same transformational leadership style while working at Jetstar as well at Qantas (BCG, 2010). The executive acknowledged that decision are affected by the organization with Jetstar taking a shorter time to implement compared to Qantas which thirty thousand (30,000) employees. Transformational leaders work closely with their subordinates to effect the change that the organization needs, develop a clear and attainable vision to guide the change process and walks the walk hand in hand with t he team to fully execute the transformation in line with the laid down policies (Avoli, 1994). Transformational leaders exemplify ability to take the right risk, make difficult decisions, and encourage innovation and creativity while also keeping their ego- under control (Shelton, 2012). The transformational leadership style by Joyce can be evidenced by his move to slash the airline's jobs and wages by 15% of the workforce after a $2.8 billion net loss in 2014. In the three-year makeover, some of the persons facing retrenchment were Joyces mentors and friends which Joyce termed as appalling yet necessary. Following the move, Qantas registered a 234% jump in profits in its first half of 2015 and announced a $900 million profit for that financial year. In 2010 following a series of engine problems with Qantas A380s carriers and subsequent grounding of the six A380s, Joyce announced entering into an alliance with Emirates and this followed the closing of Singapore-Changi first class lounge given Qantas had no A380s operating. Qantas revised their route for London services through Dubai hence closing of Changi first class lounge was followed by opening one in Dubai (Australian Aviation, 2012). Joyce has further managed to restore company dividend policy after a seven yea rs period after which evidences the confidence of the ability of the airlines to continuously make profits. Joyce had embarked on a series of strategies to cut on the airline's fuel cost and revenue saving. Having been chief executive officer for Qantas for the last seven years, Alan Joyce has faced some challenges. In 2011, Qantas was faced with industrial dispute that saw Alan Joyce announce the grounding of their domestic and international fleet for two consecutive days .i.e. 29th -30th November to lock out all the staff until the trade unions representing the employees reach an agreement with the management. The three trade unions; Australian and International Pilots Association (AIPA) representing pilots, Transport Workers Union (TWU) representing the ground and catering employees, and Australian Licensed Aircraft Engineers Association (ALAEA) representing engineers. Staff claim action was escalated by the announcement for a restructure by Qantas in Asia which would lead to loss of one thousand jobs in Australia. Joyce emphasized was necessary for the successful move into Asia as a turnaround strategy of the airline to profitability. The move was to improve the earning capacity of the firm which was incurring losses and losing its international market share with stiff competition from Emirates and Virgin Australia (Parliament of Australia, 2012). The two-day grounding of the planes had devastating effect on the economy estimated at $80 million on loss from the tourism industry. Qantas itself lost revenue estimated at $40 million from grounding their fleet and a subsequent $70 million in damages. The intervention of Fair Work Australia (FWA) which ended the industrial action between the Qantas Airlines Limited and the trade unions gave room for negotiation and possible arbitration. Instead of grounding the fleet, Joyce should have considered negotiation which would have been less costly for Qantas. Another challenge experienced by Joyce is the slump in the value of the companys share after rumours that Qantas Airbus A380 had crashed in 2010. In the 90 years of operation, the carrier has not experienced any fatalities leave alone a crush. Following a series of engine breakdown, the six Qantas A380 were grounded to give time to investigate the malfunctions. Joyce had to assure the investors that the airline was safe hence his action to ground the Airbus A380 cleared the rumour thereby the share gained back on the previous losses. Further by steering the company to profitability, Joyce has strengthened the share price with prices rallying to a ten-month high due to growth in profit to a tune of twenty-five percent in 2016. With increasing the investors confidence in the ability of Qantas to continue growing its future. The more investors willing to invest, the more the price of shares are bound to escalate. To be more efficient and avoid slumping of stock price, the management nee d at all times contain problems to avoid negative company image. Alan Joyce offers valuable lessons in leadership. First, as a leader, its important to not show any form of physical stress since as far as the subordinates are concerned the leader should be calm and collected as he/she is a source of inspiration. Also, its important for leaders to compartmentalize tasks so that focus on tasks can be prioritized based on importance and urgency. Further, being a leader practicing inclusivity is key to the success of the team and the organization. Moreover, being vocal, decisive, and advocating for workplace equality enhances relationships among employees. In addition to being highly flexible, a leader ought to be adaptable, balance short-term and long-term goals of the company and be able to make quick and rapid decisions. In conclusion, Alan Joyce embraces transformational leadership, and he has stood out as the boss that most Australian workers wish to work under. In a recent survey carried on more than a thousand Australian staff. Of those who took part in the inquiry, 21% voted in favour Joyce for his excellent management style which is focused on the future of the organization. Good leadership should be able to stand the constant shock syndrome that management faces day in day out of the running of the business. References Australian Aviation, 2012. Australian Aviation. [Online] Available at: https://australianaviation.com.au/2012/09/qantas-to-close-singapore-first-class-lounge/ [Accessed 15 May 2017]. Avoli, B. M. B. . B. J., 1994. Improving Organizational Effectiveness Through Transformational Leadership. 1 ed. London: SAGE. bcg.perspective, 2010. bcg.perspectives. [Online] Available at: https://www.bcgperspectives.com/content/videos/leadership_organization_joyce_alan/ [Accessed 15 May 2017]. Brown, L. V., 2007. Psychology of motivation. 1 ed. New York: Nova Science Publisher, Inc. CAPA, 2015. CAPA- CENTRE FOR AVIATION. [Online] Available at: https://centreforaviation.com/ [Accessed 15 May 2017]. Financial Times, 2015. Financial Times. [Online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/f0926118-c651-11e4-add0-00144feab7de [Accessed 15 May 2017]. Parliament of Australia, 2012. Parliament of Australia. [Online] Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/2011-2012/ChronQantas [Accessed 15 May 2017]. Qantas, 2017. QANTAS.COM. [Online] Available at: https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/qantas-ceo/global/en [Accessed 15 May 2017]. Randal, J., 2004. Managing Change/Changing Managers. 1 ed. London: Psychology Press. Rose, G. R. . M., 2004. A Leadership Paradox: Influencing Others By Defining yourself. 1 ed. Indiana: Challenge Quest, LLC. Schein, E. H., 2016. Organization Culture and Leadership. 5 ed. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Shelton, D. E. J., 2012. Transformational leadership- Trust, Motivation and engage. 1 ed. New York: Trafford Publishing.

Practice Essay Example

Practice Essay Can the frequency of cricket chirps be used to predict the outdoor temperature? According to one of the founding fathers of communications engineering, George Washington Pierce, the answer is yes. During his career, Pierce invented several pieces of technology that earned him patents and a lot of money from companies like RCA and ATT. When he retired, Pierce built a device that allowed him to record the sounds made by various insects near his New Hampshire home. In 1948, he published his research findings in a book titled The Songs of Insects. In this Activity, ou will examine data that Pierce collected on the number of chirps per second of the striped ground cricket and the outdoor temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. You will compose a Word document with the answers to each of the numbered questions below as well as your scatterplot with regression line. Cricket chirps per second Outdoor temperature (OF) 20. 0 88. 6 16. 0 71 . 6 19. 8 93. 3 18. 4 84. 3 17. 1 80. 6 15. 5 75. 2 14. 7 69. 7 82. 0 1 5. 4 69. 4 16. 2 83. 3 15. 0 79. 6 17. 2 82. 6 17. 0 83. 5 14. 4 76. 3 1. Enter the data into your MS Excel spreadsheet. Which is the explanatory variable? 2. Make a well-labeled scatterplot of the data. Describe the direction, form, and strength of the relationship. Are there any outliers? 3. Use MS Excel to find the least- squares regression line for these data. Record the equation, paying attention to precision. [After plotting the scatterplot, position cursor on one data point and right click. Choose Add Trendline, then select linear. Experiment with Chart Layouts to find regression equation. ] 4. Interpret the slope and the y-intercept of the least-squared line in this setting. 5. Use the equation to predict the temperature when there are 15 cricket chirps per second. Determine the value of the Correlation Coefficient. [Remember that the r is the square root of r2] Comment on how well the regression line fits the data. 7. Is it reasonable to use the equation to predict the temperature when there are 25 cricket chirps per second? Explain. 8. Crickets make their chirping sounds by rapidly rubbing their wings together. From Pierces data, we see that outdoor temperature increases as the number of cricket chirps increases. Can we conclude that the increased number of chirps causes the temperature to increase (maybe due to the heat generated from wings rubbing together)? Explain. We will write a custom essay sample on Practice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Practice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Practice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Second Battle of Bull Run of the American Civil War

Second Battle of Bull Run of the American Civil War The Second Battle of Bull Run (also called the Second Manassas, Groveton, Gainesville, and Brawners Farm) took place during the second year of the American Civil War. It was a major disaster for the Union forces and a turning point in both strategy and leadership for the North in the attempt to bring the war to its conclusion. Fought in late August of 1862 near Manassas, Virginia, the two-day brutal battle was one of the bloodiest of the conflict. Overall, casualties totaled 22,180, with 13,830 of those Union soldiers. Background The first Battle of the Bull Run occurred 13 months earlier when both sides had gone gloriously to war for their separate notions of what the ideal United States should be. Most people believed that it would take only one big decisive battle to resolve their differences. But the North lost the first Bull Run battle, and by August of 1862, the war had become an unrelentingly brutal affair. In the spring of 1862, Maj. Gen. George McClellan ran the Peninsula Campaign to recapture the Confederate capital at Richmond, in a grueling series of battles that culminated in the Battle of Seven Pines. It was a partial Union victory, but the emergence of the Confederate Robert E. Lee as a military leader in that battle would cost the North dearly. Leadership Change Maj. Gen. John Pope was appointed by Lincoln in June of 1862 to command the Army of Virginia as a replacement for McClellan. Pope was far more aggressive than McClellan but was generally despised by his chief commanders, all of whom technically outranked him. At the time of the second Manassas, Popes new army had three corps of 51,000 men, led by Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel, Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks, and Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell. Eventually, another 24,000 men would join from parts of three corps from McClellans Army of the Potomac, led by Maj. Gen. Jesse Reno. Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee was also new to the leadership: His military star rose at Richmond. But unlike Pope, Lee was an able tactician and admired and respected by his men. In the run-up to the Second Bull Run battle, Lee saw that the Union forces were yet divided, and sensed an opportunity existed to destroy Pope before heading south to finish McClellan. The Army of Northern Virginia was organized into two wings of 55,000 men, commanded by Maj. Gen. James Longstreet and Maj. Gen. Thomas Stonewall Jackson.   A New Strategy for the North One of the elements that surely led to the fierceness of the battle was the change in strategy from the North. President Abraham Lincolns original policy allowed southern noncombatants who had been captured to go back to their farms and escape the cost of war. But the policy failed miserably. Noncombatants continued to support the South in ever-increasing ways, as suppliers for food and shelter, as spies on the Union forces, and as participants in guerrilla warfare. Lincoln instructed Pope and other generals to begin pressuring the civilian population by bringing some of the hardships of war to them. In particular, Pope ordered harsh penalties for guerilla attacks, and some in Popes army interpreted this to mean pillage and steal. That enraged Robert E. Lee. In July of 1862, Pope had his men concentrate at Culpeper courthouse on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad about 30 miles north of Gordonsville between the Rappahannock and Rapidan rivers. Lee  sent Jackson and the left wing to move north to Gordonsville to meet Pope. On Aug. 9, Jackson defeated Banks corps at  Cedar Mountain, and by Aug. 13, Lee moved Longstreet north as well.   Timeline of Key Events Aug. 22–25: Several indecisive skirmishes took place across and along the Rappahannock River. McClellans forces began to join Pope, and in response Lee sent Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuarts cavalry division around to the Union right flank. Aug. 26: Marching northward, Jackson seized Popes supply depot in the woods at Groveton, and then struck at the Orange Alexandria Railroad Bristoe Station. Aug. 27: Jackson captured and destroyed the massive Union supply depot at Manassas Junction, forcing Pope into retreat from the Rappahannock. Jackson routed the New Jersey Brigade near Bull Run Bridge, and another battle was fought at Kettle Run, resulting in 600 casualties. During the night, Jackson moved his men north to the first Bull Run battlefield. Aug. 28: At 6:30 p.m., Jackson ordered his troops to attack a Union column as it marched along the Warrenton Turnpike. The battle was engaged on Brawner Farm, where it lasted until dark. Both sustained heavy losses. Pope misinterpreted the battle as a retreat and ordered his men to trap Jacksons men. Aug. 29: At 7:00 in the morning, Pope sent a group of men against a Confederate position north of the turnpike in a series of uncoordinated and largely unsuccessful attacks. He sent conflicting instructions to do this to his commanders, including Maj. Gen. John Fitz Porter, who chose not to follow them. By afternoon, Longstreets Confederate troops reached the battlefield and deployed on Jacksons right, overlapping the Union left. Pope continued to misinterpret the activities and did not receive news of Longstreets arrival until after dark. Aug. 30: The morning was quiet- both sides took the time to confer with their lieutenants. By afternoon, Pope continued to assume incorrectly that the Confederates were leaving, and began planning a massive attack to pursue them. But Lee had gone nowhere, and Popes commanders knew that. Only one of his wings ran with him. Lee and Longstreet moved forward with 25,000 men against the Unions left flank. The North was repelled, and Pope faced disaster. What prevented Popes death or capture was a heroic stand on Chinn Ridge and Henry House Hill, which distracted the South and bought enough time for Pope to withdraw across Bull Run towards Washington around 8:00 p.m. Aftermath The humiliating defeat of the North at the second Bull Run included 1,716 killed, 8,215 wounded and 3,893 missing from the North, a total of 13,824 alone from Popes army. Lee suffered 1,305 killed and 7,048 wounded. Pope blamed his defeat on a conspiracy of his officers for not joining in the attack on Longstreet, and court-martialed Porter for disobedience. Porter was convicted in 1863 but exonerated in 1878. The Second Battle of Bull Run was a sharp contrast to the first. Lasting two days of brutal, bloody battle, it was the worst the war had yet seen. To the Confederacy, the win was the crest of their northward-rushing movement, beginning their first invasion when Lee reached the Potomac River in Maryland on Sept. 3. To the Union, it was a devastating defeat, sending the North into a depression that was only remedied by the quick mobilization needed to repel the invasion of Maryland. The Second Manassas is a study of the ills that pervaded the Union high command in Virginia before U.S. Grant was chosen to head up the army. Popes incendiary personality and policies bared a deep schism among his officers, Congress and the North. He was relieved of his command on Sept. 12, 1862, and Lincoln moved him out to Minnesota to participate in the Dakota Wars with the Sioux. Sources Hennessy, John J. Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. Print.Luebke, Peter C. Second Manassas Campaign. Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities 2011. Web. Accessed April 13, 2018.Tompkins, Gilbert. The Unlucky Right Wing. The North American Review 167.504 (1898): 639–40. Print.Wert, Jeffry. Second Battle of Manassas: Union Major General John Pope Was No Match for Robert E. Lee. History.net. 1997 [2006]. Web. Accessed April 13, 2018.Zimm, John. This Wicked Rebellion: Wisconsin Civil War Soldiers Write Home. The Wisconsin Magazine of History 96.2 (2012): 24–27. Print.

African American vs. Caucasian Americans essays

African American vs. Caucasian Americans essays At first glance some people might consider this paper to be on the racial side, however it was all written by observations made. There are many differences between African Americans and Caucasians, some people don't see the differences because of ignorance . You must read the paper with an open mind and take none of this to heart. African American and Caucasians function differently in public surroundings. When you see a young African American you usually see them in groups of four of more. However, when one of them gets into a disagreement five to ten more show up in their defense. They are a very close knit group of individuals. I have also noticed that when you see a young African American walking around they are usually singing, talking very loud or running around. Also when they are in groups they are very loud and take over the area that they occupy. On the other hand when you see Caucasians they are rarely in groups of three or more. To top it off when someone in one of their groups gets in trouble the rest of the group is nowhere to be found. Most times when you see young Caucasian people in a group they are for the most part within a normal speaking level. These two groups tend to act differently in the public due to their cultural differences. There are a number of differences between the churches of African Americans and Caucasians. At most typical African American churches there are no true sermons. The African American churches tend to do more entertaining rather than teaching. They also do a great deal of singing and dancing involved in there praising of God. They emphasize fellowship in their churches especially after church when they all gather and close the celebration with a meal together. However at a typical Caucasian church there are a few differences. To start it off when you first walk in you get a program detailing what will be happening through the service. The...